Exam 1 human resource management

1. | | | According to the right of privacy, employers can conceal the nature of the job before hiring an employee. | | Student Response| Correct Answer| False | False| | | | 2. | | | The concept of â€Å"human resource management† implies that employees are interchangeable, easily replaced assets that must be managed like any other physical asset. | | Student Response| Correct Answer| False | False| | | | 3. | | | Currently, no federal laws outline how to use employee databases in order to protect employees' privacy while also meeting employers' and society's concerns for security. | |Student Response| Correct Answer| True | True| | | | 4. | | | The role of HR generalist is limited to recruitment and selection. | | Student Response| Correct Answer| False | False| | | | 5. | | | Which of the following is NOT a necessary quality of human resources? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | Human resources are valuable. |    | B. | Human resources are not imitable. |    | C. | Human resources are easily retainable. |    | D. | Human resources have no good substitute. |    | | | | 6. | | | Why has the job trend shifted to broadly defined jobs? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer|A. | Emphasis on innovation and quality|    | B. | Demand for low skilled workers|    | C. | Increased focus on simplifying jobs|    | D. | Lack of competition|    | | | | 7. | | | Job design is: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | the process of defining the way work will be performed and the tasks that a given job requires. |    | B. | the process of getting detailed information about jobs. |    | C. | the process by which the organization attempts to identify suitable employees. |    | D. | the planned effort to enable employees to learn job-related knowledge, skills, and behavior. |    | | | 8. | | | Organizational development and change are areas where HR professionals generally play only a supporting role. | | Student Response| Correct Ans wer| False | False| | | | 9. | | | As a type of resource, human capital refers to: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | the wages, benefits, and other costs incurred in support of HR functions within an organization. |    | B. | executive talent within an organization. |    | C. | the tax-deferred value of an employee's 401(k) plan. |    | D. | employee characteristics that add economic value to the organization. |    | | | | 10. | | According to the Gallup survey, which aspect of their jobs are most workers largely satisfied with? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | Health insurance benefits|    | B. | Retirement plans|    | C. | Relations with coworkers|    | D. | Amount of money earned|    | | | | 11. | | | The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that about one-tenth of employed individuals work in alternative employment arrangements. | | Student Response| Correct Answer| True | True| | | | 12. | | | The U. S. workforce is predicted to become mor e diverse in terms of ethnicity and racial background. | |Student Response| Correct Answer| True | True| | | | 13. | | | An HRIS can be used to perform primarily all of the following EXCEPT: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | support strategic decision-making. |    | B. | avoid litigation. |    | C. | evaluate programs and policies. |    | D. | motivate employees. |    | | | | 14. | | | When an organization undertakes a complete review of its critical work processes to make them more efficient and to be able to deliver higher quality, it is engaging in: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | outsourcing. |    | B. | high-performance work system design. |    |C. | total quality management. |    | D. | reengineering. |    | | | | 15. | | | What effect has the use of employee empowerment had upon recruiting? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | It has created an international labor market. |    | B. | It has substantially enhanced employment op portunities for women and minorities. |    | C. | It has shifted the focus away from technical skills to general cognitive and interpersonal skills. |    | D. | It has significantly reduced recruiting costs. |    | | | | 16. | | | How does e-HRM affect analysis and design of work? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. Online simulations, including tests and e-mail, can measure job candidates' ability to deal with real-life business challenges. |    | B. | Employees can review salary and bonus information and seek information about and enroll in benefit plans. |    | C. | Employees in geographically dispersed locations can work together in virtual teams using video, e-mail, and the Internet. |    | D. | Online learning can bring training to employees anywhere, anytime. |    | | | | 17. | | | Privacy, as an important issue in e-HRM, might best be addressed by which one of the following technologies? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer|A. | A website|    | B. | An intranet|    | C. | A high-performance work system|    | D. | A shared service center|    | | | | 18. | | | When two companies join forces and become one entity, it is termed a: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | partnership. |    | B. | consolidation. |    | C. | merger. |    | D. | joint venture. |    | | | | 19. | | | Independent contractors are: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | persons who work for an organization only when they are needed. |    | B. | self-employed individuals with multiple clients. |    | C. | employed by a temporary agency. |    | D. employed directly by a company for a specific time. |    | | | | 20. | | | Which one of the following technologies lets a company rent space on a remote computer system and use the system's software to manage its HR activities, including security and upgrades? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | Application service providers|    | B. | Internet portals|    | C. | Shared service centers|    | D. | Business intelligence|    | | | | 21. | | | Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 applies to all organizations that employ 20 or more persons working 20 or more weeks a year and that are involved in interstate commerce. | Student Response| Correct Answer| False | False| | | | 22. | | | The Civil Rights Act of 1991: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | limits damage claims to lost benefits and attorney's fees and costs. |    | B. | requires violators to pay punitive damages that cover emotional pain and suffering. |    | C. | requires violators to pay compensatory damages, an amount beyond actual loss. |    | D. | limits the maximum punitive damages allowed, depending on the size of the organization. |    | | | | 23. | | | The EEOC is NOT the enforcement agency for the: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967. |    | B. | Rehabilitation Act of 1973. |    | C. | Equal Pay Act of 1963 . |    | D. | Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. |    | | | | 24. | | | Which legislative/regulatory actions are under the direct control of the President? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | Constitutional amendments|    | B. | Judicial decisions|    | C. | Legislation|    | D. | Executive orders|    | | | | 25. | | | Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits employers from discriminating against individuals based on all of the following EXCEPT: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer|A. | age. |    | B. | race. |    | C. | religion. |    | D. | national origin. |    | | | | 26. | | | Under disparate impact, the plaintiff must prove that the employer intended to discriminate. | | Student Response| Correct Answer| True | False| | | | 27. | | | Which of the following cases would most likely be subject to a lawsuit filed under the disparate treatment theory of discrimination? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | A group of females ar e laid off due to a downturn in business. |    | B. | Black applicants are being disproportionately rejected on the basis of a psychological test. |    | C. A black applicant is turned down for a job based on a handwriting analysis. |    | D. | A woman with school-aged children is rejected on the assumption that she will frequently be absent from work. |    | | | | 28. | | | An individual wishing to file a complaint with the EEOC or a similar state agency must file the complaint within _____ days of the incident. | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | 30|    | B. | 60|    | C. | 90|    | D. | 180|    | | | | 29. | | | The three basic components of an affirmative action plan include all of the following EXCEPT: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. utilization analysis. |    | B. | measurement tools. |    | C. | goals and timetables. |    | D. | action steps. |    | | | | 30. | | | When an individual is promised a positive outcome for submission to sex, or threatened with a negative outcome for failure to submit to sex, this is referred to as: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | disparate treatment. |    | B. | disparate impact. |    | C. | reverse discrimination. |    | D. | quid pro quo harassment. |    | | | | 31. | | | In terms of the Job Characteristics Model, the degree to which a job requires completing a â€Å"whole† piece of work from beginning to end is: | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | autonomy. |    | B. | skill variety. |    | C. | task significance. |    | D. | task identity. |    | | | | 32. | | | For which of the following occupations is it easiest to implement telework? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | Production technician|    | B. | Quality management|    | C. | Machine operator|    | D. | Graphic designer|    | | | | 33. | | | In contrast to tasks, duties, and responsibilities, KSAOs are characteristics about people and are not directly observabl e. | | Student Response| Correct Answer| True | True| | | | 34. | | What is the SBAR method? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | Standardizing information at handoff points by describing the situation, giving the context, evaluation of the condition, and recommending action. |    | B. | Reducing the complexity of the work, making it so simple that almost anyone can be trained quickly and easily to perform the job. |    | C. | The study of the interface between individuals' physiology and the characteristics of the physical work environment. |    | D. | Enlarging jobs by combining several relatively simple jobs to form a job with a wider range of tasks.    | | | | 35. | | | In which of the following scenarios will workers be less motivated to perform the job? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | When the job requires a variety of skills to be performed. |    | B. | When the job requires completing the whole piece of work from beginning to end. |    | C. | When the job has minor impact on the lives of other people. |    | D. | When the job allows individuals to make decisions about the job. |    | | | | 36. | | | Which of the following would qualify as a compressed workweek? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. Employees are required to be at work from 10:00 a. m. to 3:00 p. m. and can choose additional hours before/after this period. |    | B. | Two part-time employees work in different shifts and share the tasks of a specific job. |    | C. | Employees are permitted to work 10 hours a day, Monday through Thursday. |    | D. | Employees can choose to work away from a centrally located work area. |    | | | | 37. | | | When job analysis information is used to judge the relative worth of different jobs within an organization, the HR activity is termed: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. performance evaluation. |    | B. | training and development. |    | C. | job evaluation. |    | D. | work redesign. |    | | | | 38. | | | Which of the following arrangements would qualify as job rotation? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | A receptionist is required to perform the jobs of file clerk and typist. |    | B. | Team members assemble components and also pack products into cases. |    | C. | Team members make decisions regarding how to resolve problems with customers. |    | D. | A manager participating in a meeting while on vacation with his family. |    | | | | 39. | | Which one of the following would be most appropriate when gathering information about clerical and technical job duties? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | A job analyst visits the workplace and watches/videotapes an employee performing the job. |    | B. | A manager/supervisor imagines what a well-done job would look like. |    | C. | A job analyst questions the peers about a particular job. |    | D. | A job analyst visits the workplace and asks employees to show what the job entail s. |    | | | | 40. | | | The Fleishman Job Analysis System provides an accurate picture of the ability requirements of a job. | Student Response| Correct Answer| True | True| | | | 41. | | | Which of the following is NOT true of outsourcing? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | Outsourcing is a logical choice when firms lack experience in an area. |    | B. | Outsourcing often involves ventures with foreign companies. |    | C. | Outsourcing is currently restricted to manufacturing and low-skilled jobs. |    | D. | Outsourcing is driven by economies of scale. |    | | | | 42. | | | Several forces are drawing out older workers' careers. Which of the following is NOT one of them? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. The improved health of older people, combined with the decreased physical labor required by many jobs, makes working longer a viable option. |    | B. | The acute shortage of qualified younger workers has resulted in employers offering increased incentives to older workers to remain on the job. |    | C. | Age discrimination laws and the outlawing of mandatory retirement ages have limited organizations' ability to induce older workers to retire. |    | D. | Many workers fear Social Security will be cut, and they do not have adequate employer-sponsored pensions to cover anticipated costs. |    | | | | 43. | | How do organizations determine labor supply? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | Analyzing where the need for people with the necessary skills and experience will increase or decrease. |    | B. | Analyzing job categories held in one period and the proportion of employees in each of those job categories in a future period. |    | C. | Indicating a specific figure about what should happen with the job category or skill area and a specific timetable for when the results should be achieved. |    | D. | Planning elimination of large numbers of personnel with the goal of enhancing the organization's comp etitiveness.    | | | | 44. | | | According to research on recruitment, it is clear that recruiting sources are more important than characteristics of the vacancy for predicting job choice. | | Student Response| Correct Answer| True | False| | | | 45. | | | Job applicants find companies with employment-at-will practices more attractive than companies with due-process policies. | | Student Response| Correct Answer| True | False| | | | 46. | | | The largest share of new employees hired come from which external source? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | Career fairs|    | B. | Referrals|    |C. | College recruiting|    | D. | Advertisements|    | | | | 47. | | | In a survey of large well-known businesses, about one-third of open job positions were filled by: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | insiders. |    | B. | referrals. |    | C. | on campus recruitment. |    | D. | direct applicants. |    | | | | 48. | | | Overtime is most suited for short-te rm labor shortages. | | Student Response| Correct Answer| False | True| | | | 49. | | | Research demonstrates that realistic job previews significantly reduce employee turnover. | | Student Response| Correct Answer|True | False| | | | 50. | | | An organization's core competency is: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | a clear analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the organization's existing internal labor force. |    | B. | decisions about how an organization will carry out human resource management, including how it will fill job vacancies. |    | C. | a set of knowledge and skills that make the organization superior to competitors and create value for customers. |    | D. | a forecast of the proportion of employees who are members of various protected groups. |    | | | |

Design and Implementation of a Network Based Security Information System

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A NETWORK BASED SECURITY INFORMATION SYSTEM TABLE OF CONTENTS Cover page Title page Certification Dedication Acknowledgement Abstract Table of contents 1. INTRODUCTION 1. 1Security information 2. Objectives 3. Justification CHAPTER TWO 2. Security concept 2. 1Definition of security 2. Security threats 3. Security & Information CHAPTER THREE 3. Description of the exiting security information system 3. 1Organizational structure 2. Fact finding method 3. Objective of the existing system 4. Programs of the existing system 5. Equipment of the existing system 6. Forms CHAPTER FOUR 4.Design of the network-based security information system 4. 1Method of data collection 2. System design – input, processing, output, information storage and retrieval CHAPTER FIVE 5. Implementation of the new system 5. 1Choice of programming language 2. Program flowchart of security record system CHAPTER SIX 6. Output interpretation CHAPTER SEVEN 7. Conclusion 7. 1Recommendati on ABSTRACT The fundamental aim of this project is to emphasize how a system of information network aids the government and police administration in decision taking through a range of statistical data as collected and analyzed in an existing information system.It also airs the different machines used in information processing system to reduce the much-engaged manual efforts. The system design is also introduced where cone is taken in the planning system, which is very close to the manually processed method, but with serious optimization. The proposed system is a network based expert system. All the work in the system will at the end achieve: -Data security -Handling of files -Speedy collection of information for security analysis -Storage of information for subsequent usage. – A forecast for the future security A dependable standard for decision taking on security matters as well as planning and control measures. -Existing equipment for security information listed and known. CHAPTER ONE 1. INTRODUCTION Law enforcement administrations, Justice systems, legislators and the government functionaries often need information to efficiently disseminate and fulfill their official responsibilities of ensuring maximum security for their subjects. To achieve this, a system of information technology network is needed to aid the management in decision taking about the security of lives and properties.In this work â€Å"DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A NETWORK BASED SECURITY INFORMATION SYSTEM† I will take a case study of â€Å"B’ OPS COMMUNICATION OF POLICE SHQ ENUGU† as an existing information network system in the police and analyze their process of data collection and hence design a new system which will enhance the output. 1. 1OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The objective of this program is strictly for the production of a reliable system of nation wide crime statistical information from all works and craning for administrative and operational use of th e executive and law enforcement management system.Another objective of this work is to make an improvement in the existing data security system. To create a way of speedy data collections for security analysis. For a network of information technology for security purpose and create a standard management information system forecasting for security together with good decision taking, planning and control programs. 2. JUSTIFICATION The process of executing the task of information management has been manually executed; quite unfortunately manual procedure reduces the output quality and consumed time.This work will examine a new system where th3e much needed human efforts are replaced with machines to achieve fast collection of data and easy processing to obtain healthy outputs. Also the need for information and data in the knowledge base doest not only answer to the problem of information over load but also helps in a state of crime statistics request, wherefore the computerization of s ome of this areas is very necessary because its importance in making crime investigators imbibe new and modernized methods and create public awareness of the society security policy. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW . SECURITY CONCEPT Security is defined in many ways due to the many contexts of its existence. In other words, security generally has to do with protection. It might be protection from undue access. Some attributes security to safe guiding from that, which may or may not lead to destruction. It might also be interesting to understand that security has to do with protection of the environment. It also has to do with valuables; this means that anything has to be secured must have value. Things of less importance to humanity and therefore anything that pose threat to life must also be prevented.Security is a very important issue in any organizations (system), no wonder VINCENT . E. ASOR in his seminar presentation at the Nigerian computer society’s conference of 2002 st ated that an organization with 98 percent security is actually 100 percent insecure. This means that adequate security must be in place for a smooth running of an organizational affair or a system. The police, who is the case study organization here defined security in the police training manual as the protection of lives and property coupled with the maintenance of law and order in a society. 2. 1SECURITY THREATSThey are criminal acts, which have a particular harmful effects on peoples lives and property and do more than interfere with merely private rights. They are simply crimes, Now the above brings us to the crime concept. What is crime? According to the BLACKSTONE, crime is violation of public rights and duties due to the whole community considered as a community. Williams defined crime as acts that is capable of being followed by a criminal proceedings having one of the types of outcome – Punishments. Also Hulsbury’s Law (adopted by the House of Lord’s in Board of Trade V.Ower 1957 as correct) defined crime as an unlawful act or default which is an offence against the public and render the person guilty of the act liable to legal punishment. The summary of the above crime definitions by the police manual defined crime as an unlawful act committed by a person or a group of persons. 2. CHARACTERISTICS OF SECURITY THREATS They are wrong doings which Judges have held, or the parliament has from time to time laid down which are sufficiently injurious to the public to warrant the application of a criminal procedure to deal with them, of course this does not enable us to recognize an act as a crime when we see one.Some acts are obviously harmful to the public that anyone would say they should be criminal and such acts almost certainly are, but there are many others about which opinions may differ widely. According to SIR CARLETON ALLEN, crime is crime because it consists of wrongdoings which directly and in serious degree threatens the sec urity or well being of the society. This explains why acts have to be made crimes either by judicial decisions or by legislation. A crime may remain a crime long after it has ceased to be a threat to the security or well being of the society.This ALLEN’S proposition tells us what (as he thinks) ought to be crime rather than what is crime. The public nature of crimes is evidenced by the contrast between the rulers of civil and criminal procedure. Any citizen can, as a general rule and in the absence of some provision to the contrary bring a criminal prosecution, whether or not he has suffered any special harm over and above other members of the public. As a member of the public he has an interest in the enforcement of the criminal law. 3. CLASSFICATION OF CRIMESThere is a problem that exist in the crime reporting system in Nigeria and especially the B’OPS COMMUNICATION OF THE POLICY, ENUGU STATE BRANCH in particular. This arises in the variations in definition of crimes among localities. This obstacle, as far as uniformity in definitions is concerned was removed by the adoption of a standard set of crime classification generally connotes its content. However in reading the explanation of each category, it is very important to keep in mind that because of the differences between the state codes, there is no possibility in a system such as ‘felony’ and ‘misdemeanor’.Crime classifications are in three categories. Viz crime against persons, crimes against property and crime of violence or crime against local acts. Crime against persons include: -Murder and non-negligent manslaughter -Aggravates assault forcible rape -Forcible rape -Robbery Crime against property includes: -Burglary -Arson -Stealing -Forgery and counterfeiting -Vandalism Crimes against local acts include; -Narcotic -Illegal possession, carrying of weapons -Prostitution and commercialized vice. 4. SECURITY AND INFORMATIONThere is no known security system that w orks without an information technology system. In fact security of a given society is to a high degree determined by the amount of information technology on ground. Thus it might interest one the to know that security are of differing contexts. An information system for a bankers dealing via an automatic teller machine differs from a network based information system for collecting, collating and analyzing statistical data for management use. There is also a system of inbuilt detectors in doors on entries to check explosives and metals.There is also a camera system on focus connected to a visual display unit for monitoring activities especially in banking halls and supermarkets. Hence information technology has a vital role to play in the task of ensuring maximum security. This work is based on an network based information system for collecting and collating as well as analyzing crime for the use of management at all levels of an organization in their task of decision taking, plannin g and control strategies based on security. CHAPTER THREE . DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM The existing system has been an almost manually operated system due to lack of sophisticated data processing machines that will by its efficiency replace the much engaged manual system in crime data analysis. The B’OPS COMMUNICATION of the Nigerian Police, Enugu State Branch, which is my case study organisation is changed with the responsibility of information management, processing and analysis. They are fond of information dissemination and collection of crime data.This crime information is being communicated to the police Administrations at all levels in all functions to enable them in their timely decision taking about the security of their jurisdictions for which they are responsible. EQUIPMENT:Irrespective of the lack of modern machines like computers, the B’OPS COMMUNITCATION SHQ ENUGU operates with some equipments and gates which includes -carrier wave radio sets (use d in receiving wireless telegraphy information). -Walkie talkies (used for timely interaction with men on duty). -Fax machines (for receiving documented information) Repeater set (enhances the reception of Transmitted messages) -Repeater station (enhances the signal strength of information at various stations) -Stand by Generator (used in cases of power failure) -Integration systems (for connecting different communication networks) FORMS:The organization makes use of three traditional forms for differing purpose. The form include the following: -Message form B1- Used for the reception and transmission of information. This is done manually by writing or talking with the recipient on the set. Signal register form B2 – This is the form used to register the particulars of all information received such that an observer can at one glance read the information. -Wireless operators LDG form B3 – This is a form used to write down events that took place at course of operation suc h as power outrage, atmospheric interference, Rainfall, thunders storm, generator braked down etc. that might interfere in operation. NATURE OF INFORMATION: B’OPS COMMUNICATION offices are situated at all police stations and jurisdictions with a divisional control link as data base management in SHQ Enugu known to them as control.The divisions are expected to constantly collect crime data around their jurisdiction and transmit some individually to the control who forms a statistical update of the information should be based on weekly, monthly and fairly bases as demanded by the administrators for security actions. 3. 1FACT FINDING METHOD The fact finding methods here can be classified into internal and external sources of data collection. -The internal source: This involves the use of information as recorded in the crime diary at police stations under different headings according to the crime distinctions within the specified period under investigation.Another source of inter nal information is the signal register-form B2. -The external source: This involves the use information facilities (like the Walkill talkie) to communicate the law enforcement officers in the society (on enforcement officers in the society (on operation). They mostly in this case communicate on events that need immediate intervention. Due to the fact that these events are legged down at each interval, the wireless operators log-form B3 is used as a medium whereby crime data can be collected. 2. ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE The Nigerian police force is an organization known to exhibit hierarchy.For the above reason the B’OPS COMMUNICATION also fellow’s suit. The information flow is in a vertical dimension though there is horizontal flow at the operational levels. Information flow chart 3. THE INPUT, OUTPUT AND THE PROCESSING SYSTEM The process of executing this daily task of information dissemination and analysis though has some tools of automation is still lacking the basi c information technology (computer system) that will reduce or eliminate the much engaged manual system. The input method, which involves much writing, the processing which is also manual has to be automated. Examine the analysis in the diagram Below: . PROBLEMS OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM There has not been enough information technology that will replace the much-engaged manual effort such as in the input and processing systems. There is no dependable storage system for information. Infor-tech facilities that can be used to store information and retrieve them when needed is necessary to be introduced in other to achieve the needed security of information. The process of dispatching the received information in the B’OPS COMMUNICATION, POLICE SHQ, ENUGU is purely manual thus this amounts to delay of information especially in cases of emergency.There is need to put adequate information technology in place to enhance the dispatch of this needed information and as well reduce human en gagement in this task. Mist of the wireless operators managing this information network are not properly trained especially in the area of operating modern information technology, therefore there is the need that expend in information management be trained properly in handling these modern tools. Barely all the form’s used in the existing system are traditional, there is the need to introduce the use of imaged form to enhance security of information and automation. . JUSTIFICATION OF THE NEW SYSTEM The new system to be introduced in this work will eliminate or reduce the much engaged manual effort, introduce the use of experts is the use of information technology, replace the use of old fashioned tools on use with modern information technology tools and crown it all the system will achieve. 1. Data security 2. Handling of files for easy assessment 3. Reduce of eliminate error of computation 4. Speedy collection of information for security analysis 5. Prompt supply of informat ion for use in timely decision taking hby the managers 6.Information storage for subsequent use. 7. Easy dispatch system 8. Forecast for security planning. CHAPTER FOUR 4. DESIGN OF THE NETWORK BASED SECURITY INFORMATION SYSTEM. SYSTEM DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT The whole system involves the application of the system approach to problem solving with computers. The ingredients and materials are system elements, processes and information technology network. It is actually a customized approach to the use of computers for data analysis, automation and information management.This is reduction of the entire system by studying the various operations performed and their relationships within the system and examination of a business activity with a view to identifying problem areas and recommending alternative solutions. Also, for security of critical facts and restrictions, the system operation can best be operated in an INTRANET environment. 4. 1METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION The fact-finding meth od here should be a situation whereby the information technology is engaged (ie computer), such that data can be Rayed in directly into the system. The forms in this case should be imaged forms and not usual traditional forms.The aggregate data collected and stored can and the different programs of computer. The network system is aimed at establishing information links between the various angles. 2. SYSTEM DESIGN Having studied and analyzed the manual processing operated by the B’ OPS CMMUNICATION of the Enugu State Police and the way it has been done; the proposed system design therefore enables one to achieve efficiency and effectiveness. In the system design, care is taken in the planning system very close to the manually processed method, but with serious optimization and automation.The proposed system is a computer based expert system. The system shall make use of expertise that has been gathered from skilled human resources about data management and information processi ng. All the work in the system will at the and achieve: Data security Handling of files or from. (the whole problem of missing file and statistics will be eliminated among the security circle). Reduce or Elimination the problems of computational error. Speedy collection of information Storage of information for subsequent or timely usage.Generally, the proposed system will help in the input, processing and output of information coupled with the storage which will be too cumbersome for individuals to handle in the manual system. During the process various crime facts will be collected within Enugu State as a jurisdiction under study. The data collected can be reported on daily, weekly , monthly or fairly bases as the case may be. The major crimes that were analyzed include: Armed robbery, murder, Burglary, House breaking, stealing, Kidnapping, child stealing, Arson, Rape and miscellaneous offence.The data collected will be arranged in a form to distinguish adult from juvenile crime s tatistics. 1. INPUT This system designed will create a situation where data will be keyed in directly into the computer the keyboard for immediate processing or storage. This expected to be carried out by a skilled expert in information technology management. 2. PROCESSING In this system the processing of data in order to achieve a pre-defined goal (information) is carried out electronically through some define instructions at a very fast pace (rate) with information technology tools (computes) which help; to improve efficiency and automation. . OUTPUT After actual processing is over the required information or output is generated and accessed by the user for importance. Thus an information is never confirmed until it is able to meet the need of the management which includes urgency, confidentiality and decision taking about the activities (here security) for which the activities are responsible. 4. INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL The computer network system have the advantage of providing a suitable information storage and retrieval system requiring data to be structured, tored and retrieved in a memory that suits the kind of data and information needs of the users at all the levels. CHAPTER FIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NEW SYSTEM CHOICE OF PROGRAMMEING LANGUAGE Among the existing high level and low-level programming languages, I choose QBASIC programming language considering a lot of factors and features in the structure of my work. First, I observed that QBASIC consist of features that will help the writer achieve the logistic needs of the project work in terms of access methods such as the RANDOM ACCESS of some parts of the work and the SEQUENTIAL ACCESS of some other parts of the programs.CHAPTER SIX OUTPUT INTERPRETATION This program is purely more of an interactive system. It consists of the main program which houses a lot of subprograms of several analysis. Before the min menu, is a software restriction called PASSWORD which must be obeyed before acces s to the main menu form the main menu is provided multiple options of the sub menus which now ask a series of question as the case may b. in the main menu, there are four sub-menus of four major modules, THE RECORD INPUT MODULE, FILE MAINTENANCE MODULE, REPORT GENERATION MODULES AND GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION MODULE THEN THE EXIT.The REPORT GENERATION module comprises of five sub menu called monthly reports and monthly statistics, annual report, annual statistics from the entire jurisdiction and a forecast report. This module gives the monthly and annual state of crimes from the various divisions for use. The forecast report is projected as a result of the report generation. The FILE MAINTENANCE module takes care of the necessary treatment and enhancement of the files in the program. It houses a lot of submenus for the operation. Also, in the program a provision and/or module is created to check and access the present state of the work.CONCLUSION This work is carefully researched and pr epared for the citizens who are interested in the general security picture of Enugu State, Nigeria. The volume trend and rate of crime related to current population is quite amazing. The crime index offence are grouped into three major categories and were extensively discussed to better describe the nature of these security threats. The objective of this work is achieved when managements at all levels and polices administrations can use the reports generated (information) in decision taking about the security situation of the state.An example of the use of crime statistics the baring of the high capacity motorcycle use within Enugu state in early 2004, this is following the high rate of Armed robbery perpetrated with such high capacity bikes. The work will also help to forecast the nature, trend and distribution of crime wave in the state thereby enabling the people concerned to reinforce for the combat. CHAPTER SEVEN RECOMMENDATION Based on the findings and relevance of this work t o the society. I simply and concisely made drawing from my own exceptional experience and the information obtained from the B’ OPS COMMUNICATION of Enugu State Police during the system study.The fruit and importance of this work is not valid for members of police force or the Administrations, but will prove to be a source of information and guidance to researchers with scientific or legal aspects of the foresenic work. The state B’ OPS COMMUNICATION should try to be computerized so that all their facts and data collection should be network based for adequate interactions, efficiency and stability. PROGRAM FLOWCHART OF CRIME RECORD SYSTEM PROGRAMMING Cls Finish $ = â€Å"N† Do while finish $ =†N† For J = 1 To 24 Locate J, I For I = 1 To 80 Print CHR $ (178): Next I Next J R = S : C = 20 For I = 1 To 31 Print CHR $ (219) Next IFor I = 0 To 8 Locate R + I, C-I : Print CHR $ (219) Locate R + I, C + 31: Print CHR $ (219) Next I Locate R + 1, C: Print â₠¬Å"***† Locate R + 3, C: Print â€Å"1, Record Input ***† Locate R + 4, C: Print â€Å"2, File Maintenance ***† Locate R + 5, C: Print â€Å"3, Report Generation & Printing† Locate R + 6, C: Print â€Å"4, Statistical Presentation† Locate R + 7, C: Print â€Å"5, Exit † Mychoice = 0 Do while mychoice < 1 or Mychoice > 5 Locate R + 10, C: Input â€Å"Your Choice Please (1-5):†, Mychoice Loop Select Crime Mychoice Crime 1 Call Recinput Crime 2 Call Filemain Crime 3 Call Reportgn Crime 5 Finish $ = â€Å"EN† End selectLoop Locate J, I For I = 1 To 80 Print CHR $ (178); Next I Next J R = 5 : C = 20 Locate R,C For I = 1 To 31 Print CHR $ (219); Next I For I = 0 To 10 Locate R + I, C-I : Print CHR $ (219); Locate R + I, C + 31: Print CHR $ (219) Next I Locate R + 1, C: Print â€Å"*Report Generation*† Locate R + 3, C: Print â€Å"1, Generate Monthly Report† Locate R + 4, C: Print â€Å"2, Generate Annual Report† L ocate R + 5, C: Print â€Å"3, Generate forecast Report† Locate R + 6, C: Print â€Å"4, Print Monthly Report† Locate R + 7, C: Print â€Å"5. 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FIL† If K$ = â€Å"S† ThenPrint â€Å"B† OPS Police Communication† Print â€Å"Annual Crime Statistics Report† Print: Print â€Å"For The Year;†: EN$ Locate 5, 1 : Print â€Å"SN† Locate 5, 3 : Print â€Å"Offences† Locate 5, 32 : Print â€Å"Jan† Locate 5, 44 : Print â€Å"Feb† Locate 5, 56 : Print â€Å"Mar† Locate 5, 68 : Print â€Å"Apr† Locate 6, 30 : Print â€Å"M† Locate 6, 36 : Print â€Å"F† Locate 6, 42 : Print â€Å"M† Locate 6, 48 : Print â€Å"F† Locate 6, 54 : Print â€Å"M† Locate 6, 60 : Print â€Å"F† Locate 6, 66 : Print â€Å"M† Locate 6, 72 : Print â€Å"F† R = 7 : I = 1 Do while not EOF (I) Input N1, EN$, C$, F$, M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6 Input N1, M7, M8, M9, M10, M11, M12, M13, M14 Input #1, M15, M16, M17, M18, M19, M20, M21, M22Input #1, M23, M24, T Locate (R 8 + I), 1: Print C$ : Locate (R 8 + I), 3: Print F$ Locate (R 8 + I), 30 : Print M1 : Locate (R 8 + I), 36 : Print M2 Locate (R 8 + I), 42 : Print M3 : Locate (R 8 + I), 48 : Print M4 Locate (R 8 + I), 54 : Print M5 : Locate (R 8 + I), 60 : Print M6 Locate (R 8 + I), 66 : Print M7 : Locate (R 8 + I), 72 : Print M8 I = I + 1 Loop Close #1 Call Get Key Locate 5, 32 : Print â€Å"May† Locate 5, 44 : Print â€Å"Jun† Locate 5, 56 : Print â€Å"Jul† Locate 5, 68 : Print â€Å"Aug† R8 = 7 : I = 1 OPEN â€Å"I†, #1, â€Å"ANNUALST . FIL† Do while not EOF (I) Input #1, EN$, C$, F$, M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, M7Input #1, M8, M9, M10, M11, M12, M13, M14, M15, M16, M17 Input #1, M18, M19, M20, M21, M22, M23, M24, T Locate (R 8 + I), 30 : Print M9 : Locate (R 8 + I) 36 : Print M10 Locate (R 8 + I), 42 : Print M11 : Locate (R 8 + I), 48 : Print M12 Locate (R 8 + I), 54 : Print M13 : Locate (R 8 + I) 60 : Print M14 Locate (R 8 + I), 66 : Print M15 : Locate (R 8 + I) 72 : Print M16 I = J + 1 Loop Close #1 Call Get Key L ocate 5, 32 : Print â€Å"Sep† Locate 5, 44 : Print â€Å"Oct† Locate 5, 56 : Print â€Å"Nov† Locate 5, 68 : Print â€Å"Dec† R8 = 7 : I = 1 OPEN â€Å"I†, #1, â€Å"ANNUALST . FIL† Do while not EOF (I) Input #1, EN$, C$, F$, M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6Input #1, M7,M8, M9, M10, M11, M12, M13, M14, M15 Input #1, M16, M17, M18, M19, M20, M21, M22, M23, Input #1, M24, T I = I + 1 Loop Close #1 Call Get Key Locate 5, 30 : Print â€Å"Total† R8 = 7 : I = 1 OPEN â€Å"I†, #1, â€Å"ANNUALST . FIL† Do while not EOF (I) Input #1, EN$, C$, F$, M1, M2, M3, M4, M5 Input #1, M6, M7,M8, M9, M10, M11, M12, M13 Input #1, M14, M15, M16, M17, M18, M19, M20, M21 Input #1, M22, M23, M24, T Locate (R8 + I), 30 : Print T I = I + 1 Loop Close # 1 CALL GETKEY ELSE L Print â€Å"B’ OPS Police Communication† L Print â€Å"Annual Crime Statistics Report† L Print : L Print â€Å"For Each Division† EN$ L PrintL Print â€Å" SN† : Tab (3); â€Å"Offences†; Tab(31); â€Å"Jan†; Tab (39); â€Å"Feb† L Print Tab (47); â€Å"Mar†; Tab (55); â€Å"Apr†; Tab (63); â€Å"May†; L Print Tab (71); â€Å"Jun†; Tab (79); â€Å"Jul†; Tab (87); â€Å"Aug†; L Print Tab (95); â€Å"Sep† ; Tab (103); â€Å"Oct†; Tab (111); â€Å"Nov†; L Print Tab (119); â€Å"Dec†; Tab (127); â€Å"Total† Col 8 = 26 For I = 1 To 12 Col 8 = Col 8 + 4 L Print Tab (Col 8); â€Å"M†; Col 8 = Col 8 + 4 L Print Tab (Col 8); â€Å"F†; Next I Do While Not EOF (1) Cls OPEN â€Å"I†, #1, â€Å"ANNUALST. FIL† Input #1, Y$ YY$ = STR$ (Val (Y$) + 1) OPEN â€Å"O†, #2, â€Å"FORECAST. FIL† OPEN â€Å"I†, #1, â€Å"ANNUALST. FIL† Do While Not EOF (1) Input #1, Y$, C$, F4, M(1), F(1), M(2), F(2), M(3), F(3)Input #1, M4, F(4), M5, F(5), M6, F(6), M7, F(7) Input #1, M(8), F(8), M(9), F(9), M(10), F(10), M(11), Input #1, M(12), F(12), Total My = O : SM2 = 0 : Sm3 =0: Sm4 = 0: Smy = 0: M2y = 0 Fy = O : Sf = 0 Sf2 = : Sf3 = 0: SF4 = : Sfy = 0 : F2y = 0 For I = 1 To 12 Sm = Sm + I : Sf = Sf + 1 My = My + m (I) : Fy = Fy + F (I) Sm2 = Sm2 + I ^ 2 : Sf2 = Sf2 + I ^ 2 Sm3 = Sm3 + I ^ 3 : Sf3 = Sf3 + I ^ 3 Sm4 = Sm4 + I ^ 4 : Sf4 = Sf4 + I ^ 4 Smy = Smy + I * m (I) : Sfy + I * F (I) M2y = M2y + I ^ 2 * M(I) : F2y = F2y + I ^ 2 * F (I) Next I ‘ Store Values For Males In The A – Array Ready ‘ For Gaussian EliminationA (1, 1) = 12 : A (1, 2) = Sm2 : A (1, 23) = Sm2 : B (1) = My A (2, 1) = Sm : A (2, 2) = Sm2 : A (2, 3) = Sm3 : B(2) = Smy A(3, 1) = Sm2 : A (3, 2) = Sm3 : A (3, 3) = Sm4 : B(3) = M2y Call Gauss (x1, x2, X3) ‘ Estimate the figures for males for the ‘next three months Fm1 = X1, + X2 * 13 + X3 * 13 ^ 2 Fm2 = X1 + X2 * 14 + X3 * 14 ^ 2 Fm3 = X1 + X2 * 15 + X3 * 15 ^ 2 ‘Store values for females in the A? Array ‘Ready for gaussian elim ination A (1, 1) = 12 : A(1, 2) = Sf : AC1, 3) = Sf2 : B(1) = Fy A(2,1 ) = Sf : A (2, 2) = Sf2 : A (2, 3) = Sf3 : B (2) = Sfy A (3, 1) = Sf2 : A (3, 2) = Sf3 : A (3, 3) = Sf4 : B(3) = F2y Call Guass (x1, X2, x3) Estimate the figures for females for the next ‘Three months Ff1 = x1 + x2 * 13 + x3 * 13 ^ 2 Ff2 = x1 + x2 * 14 + x3 * 14 ^ 2 Ff3 = x1 + x2 * 15 + x3 * 15 ^ 2 Print # 2, YY$, â€Å" † ; C$; â€Å" †; F$; â€Å" †; Fm1; â€Å" †; FF1 Print # 2, Fm2; FF2 T Loop Close # 1 End Sub Sub Forecarp ‘Forecarp . Bas ‘Forecast Figure Printing Program Dm M$ (9) Cls Open â€Å"1† , # 1, â€Å"Forecast . Fil† `Input # 1, YY$ Close #1 Do Locate 10, 10 : Input â€Å"Output to Screen (P or S) : â€Å" ; K$ K$ = U Crime $ (K$) Loop Until K$ = â€Å"P† Or K$ = â€Å"S† Cls Open â€Å"1† , #1, â€Å"Forecast. Fill† If K$ = ‘S† Then Print â€Å"B’ OPS Police Communication† Print : P rint â€Å"For The Year : YY$Locate 5, 1 : Print â€Å"SN† Locate 5, 3 : Print â€Å"Offences† Locate 5, 32 : Print â€Å" Jan† Locate 5, 44 : Print â€Å" Feb† Locate 5, 56 : Print â€Å"Mar† Locate 6, 30 : Print â€Å"M† Locate 6, 36 : Print â€Å"F† Locate 6, 42 : Print â€Å"M† Locate 6, 48 : Print â€Å"F† Locate 6, 54 : Print â€Å"M† Locate 6, 60 : Print â€Å"F† R8 = 7 : I = 1 Do while not EOF (1) Input #1, YY$, C$, F$, M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6 Locate (R8 + I), 1 : Print C$ : Locate (R8 + I), 3 : Print F$ Locate (R8 + I), 30 : Print M1 : Locate (R8 + I) 36 : Print M2 Locate (R8 + I), 42 : Print M3 : Locate (R8 + I) 48 : Print M4 Locate (R8 + I), 54 : Print M5 : Locate (R8 + I) 60 : Print M6 I = I + 1Loop Close #1 Else L PRINT â€Å"B’ OPS POLICE COMMUNICATION† L Print : LPrint â€Å"For the Year : â€Å"; YY$ Lprint Lprint â€Å"SN†; TAB(3); â€Å"Oddwnxwa†; Tab(31); â⠂¬Å"Jan†; Tab(39); â€Å"Feb† Lprint Tab (47); â€Å"Mar† Col 8 = 26 For I = 1 To 3 Col 8 = Col 8 + 4 Lprint Tab (Col 8); â€Å"M†; Col 8 = Col 8 + 4 Lprint Tab (Col 8); â€Å"F†; Next I Do While Not EOF (1) For I = 1 To 9 Input #1, M$ (I) Next I Lprint M$ (2); Tab(3); M$(3); Col 8 = 26 Total = 0 For I = 4 To 8 Step 2 Col 8 = Col 8 + 4 LPrint Tab (Col 8); M$ (I + 1); Total = Total + Val (M$ (I)) + Val (M$ (I + 1)) Next I L Print Tab (60) : Total Loop End ifClose #1 YY$ = Input $ (1) End Sub SUB GET KEY Locate 24, 10 : Print â€Å"Press Any Key To Continue† Do A$ = INKEY$ Loop Until A$ < > â€Å" † END SUB ———————– FORCE COMMUNICATION STATE COMMUNICATION DIVISIONAL COMMUNICATION Cls Screen 9,0,0 color 3 Finish $ = â€Å"N† Dowhile finish $ = â€Å"N† For J = 1 To 24 Locate J, 1 For I = 1 To 80 Print Chr $ (178) Next I: Next J Locate R + 1, C:? â€Å"Main Menu† Locate R + 2, C:? â€Å"1. Record Input† Locate R + 3, C:? â€Å"2. File Maintenance† Locate R + 4, C:? â€Å"3. Report generation and Printing† Locate R + 5, C:? â€Å"4. Statistical Presentation†Locate R + 6, C:? â€Å"5. Exit† MYCHOICE = 0 DO WHILE MYCHOICE < 1 OR MYCHOICE > 5 LOCATE R + 10, C:INPUT â€Å"YOUR CHOICE PLEASE (1-5):† MYCHOICE LOOP IF SELECT CRIME MYCHOICE CRIME 1 CRIME 2 CRIME 3 CRIME 4 CRIME 5 Finish $ = â€Å"Y† End selected Locate 24, 10 Print â€Å"Press Any key To† â€Å"Continue† Do A $ = In keys Loop until A$ â€Å" â€Å" END SUB EXIT CRIME 1 SUB REC INPUT ASSIGNMENT BOX IF PRINT = â€Å"KEY† â€Å"Murder† â€Å"Suicide† â€Å"Wounding† â€Å"Assault† â€Å"Kidnapping† â€Å"Rape† â€Å"Armed Robbery† â€Å"Stealing† â€Å"Burglary† â€Å"Arson† â€Å"Narcotics† â€Å"Traffic Offeence† House Breaking â €Å"Store Breaking† Miscellaneous† STOP CRIME2 SUB FILEMAIN ASSIGNMENT BOX IF MAIN = â€Å"y† DISPLAY RECORD DELETE RECORD REMOVE DELETE RECORD EDIT RECORD EDIT RECORD EXIT STOP CRIME 3 SUB REPORT GN ASSIGNMENT BOX IF MAIN T$ = â€Å"y† Generate Monthly Report EXIT Generate Annual Report Generate Fore Cast Report Print Monthly Report Print Annual Report Print Annual Report IF EN =3 FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL CRIME 4 SUB ANNUALST INPUT â€Å"DIV†; EN IF EN =2 IF EN =1 JAN JAN FEB FEB MAR MART APR APR MAY MAY JUN JUN JUL JUL AUG AUG AUG SEP SEP SEP JAN STOP OCT OCT OCT NOV NOV NOV DEC DEC DEC STOP STOP

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A summary - Essay Example eedom to all irrespective of the race, sex, language, and religion along with the cooperation of the international arena (United Nations, General Assembly, 1). The underlying agenda which is reflected out through the resolution of 65/166 is that of the culture. The human beings must possess the fundamentals which would be directed towards the unified respect for varied belief, culture, as well as religions. Tolerance should be geared up in every phase without fear repression and should be subjected as a valuable asset of humanity with the active promotion of the same (United Nations, General Assembly, 2). The resolution cab be viewed as an apex tool for the rejuvenating the importance of culture on the process of sustainable development at a juncture when the international actors in the development trajectory are focusing on the assessment of gaps in achieving certain objectives subjected to the promotion in the United Nations Conference on Sustainable development and summit on the Millennium Development Goals in the year 2015. The resolution moved in favor of the accumulation of relevant data and raw information sets for the purpose of de monstrating the impact of culture on the social, as well as the economic well being of the people and the societies with the formulation of national, as well as international policy ramifications. The resolution also directed towards broader mainstreaming of the culture in to the United Nations Development Assistance Framework within the field of culture and development within the recently signed MOU (memorandum of understandings) by UNESCO and the World Bank. The resolution has also opened dimensions for all the entities of the United Nations in the understanding of the correlation between culture and sustainable development with the infusion of development of indicators, statistics and that of optimal acquisition policies. The resolution leads the way of analyzing the qualitative impact of culture on the welfare dynamics for

Finance- maybe Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Finance- maybe Risk Management - Essay Example As a result, it is imperative to ensure financial risks are acknowledged and managed properly (What is Financial Risk Management?, n.d., p. 1). We would build up a positive hypothesis of the hedging behavior of value optimizing corporations. Hedging is treated by companies simply as a part of the organization’s financing decisions. The paper pays attention to the impact of the hedging strategy on the organization’s investment decisions. Our theory provides answer to the question- why some organizations hedge and others do not. The goal of hedging in risk management is to decrease the fundamental volatility of cash flows and curtail the likelihood of large losses. The current study intends to discuss this issue. Risk provides the foundation for chance (Boyle, Coleman and Li, n.d., p. 1). Risk is the probability of losses resulting from events such as alterations in market prices. Events with a low likelihood of occurrence, but those causing a high loss, are predominantly troublesome since they are often not predicted (What is Financial Risk Management?, n.d., p. 1-2). Financial risk arises through innumerable transactions of economic nature, comprising of sales and purchases, ventures and loans, and a variety of other dealing activities. It can occur as a result of legal deals, new schemes, mergers and acquisitions, debt financing, the power constituent of costs, or through the activities of supervision, stakeholders, contenders, foreign governments, or climate (What is Financial Risk Management?, n.d., p. 2). Approaches for risk management frequently occupy derivatives. Financial derivatives are a sort of hazard management tool (Risk Management and Financial Derivatives, n.d, p. 1). Derivatives are traded extensively among financial organizations and on structured exchanges. The value of derivatives agreements, such as futures, forwards, options, and swaps, is based on the cost of the fundamental asset. Derivatives’

Changes in Technology Essay Example for Free

Changes in Technology Essay The many changes in technology over the years greatly impacted the development of early human societies. Agriculture, religion, and competition between groups are just a few of the many things that were greatly impacted by the changes in technology. New inventions and ways of thinking of things made a huge difference in the world. There have been many changes in technology through out the years and in the development of early human societies. There were many changes during and after the classical age when it comes to agriculture. The invention of crop rotation and irrigation helped a lot in agriculture. They made farming much quicker and easier. Jethro Tull’s inventions of the seed drill and horseshoe also helped speed up the farming process. The seed drill made planting easier by planting seeds deep in the ground so they aren’t washed away. Horseshoes allowed horses to plow much quicker than before, which increased productivity. The increase of farming also made life a lot easier by allowing for less nomadic living due to the crops being so close to home. These inventions, as well as having more food from farming, are the reason for agriculture being as technologically advanced as it is today. Like agriculture, religion was also hugely impacted. Religion has always been very important in human societies. In the early years, religions such as Christianity and Buddhism introduced the idea of mutual intolerance. Mutual intolerance was the acceptance of disagreeing with another religion. Islam, Buddhism, and Christianity are just a few examples of the religions in this time. Things such as improvements in tools and weapons changed competition between groups. As time went on, there were more and more developments when it came to agriculture, engineering, and tools. The tools becoming more advanced led to the ideas of better weapons. Because weapons and tools kept improving, they began to be used to obtain power more regularly. In turn, groups like the Aztecs, Toltec, Mayans, and Oaxaca began fighting with these weapons in competition between groups. These examples of change in agriculture, religion, and competition between groups show that technology greatly impacted the development of early human societies. Whether it was because of inventions or different perspectives on things, these societies were obviously greatly impacted. With this information, it is clear that there have been many changes in technology through out the years and in the development of early human societies.

The Origin of the Work of Art Essay Example for Free

The Origin of the Work of Art Essay In ‘The Origin of the Work of Art’ by German philosopher Martin Heidegger, the essence of the work of art and then the question of the meaning of a thing, are described according to the philosopher’s perspective. This was Heidegger’s first collection of writings on art. The critique had many opponents as well as allies who felt that this was a valuable contribution in making the meaning of art clearer to people. Heidegger states, the work of art â€Å"gives the earth (materials, color, sound, words) the chance to be present as what it really is. As long as the earth is used for something, it is not present as what it truly is. The truth, which the work of art reveals in this way, is a finite truth. It does not consist in a meaning, which lies in the open in an articulated form, but in a meaning, which is fathomless and deep. In its essence it is the strife between world and earth, between rising and sheltering.† (Kockelmans, 1985) However, to understand the statement by Martin Heidegger, â€Å"While truth and art are proper to the essence of reality with equal originality, they must diverge from one another and go counter to one another† (Kockelmans, 1985) one must move deep into the context of art and truth, particularly truth. Truth, according to Friedrich Nietzsche, who influenced Heidegger by a great degree, is presented in a metaphor where he points that â€Å"on the mountains of truth you can never climb in vain: either you will reach a point higher up today, or you will be training your powers so that you will be able to climb higher tomorrow.† (Lamb, 2004) However, the same truth goes though a mode of transference, when he mentions, â€Å"all things are subject to interpretation whichever interpretation prevails at a given time is a function of power and not truth.† (Lamb, 2004) This brings us to a stage where it becomes hard to interpret the application of truth from the perspective of Nietzsche. According to this parameters truth is an element that can be turned and twisted in accordance to occasion or need. Here he mentions that â€Å"all credibility, all good conscience, all evidence of truth come only from the senses†. (Lamb, 2004) However, the vital question is who would verify the justification of sense? Who would ascertain whether the interpretation of truth or the application of sense is modulated towards a betterment or general good? Hitler used Friedrich Nietzsche’s philosophy of truth for his own goal and turned it against the entire world using this philosophy as a tool of justifying his evil means. Therefore, truth is subjective and in words of Nietzsche himself, â€Å"all truth is simple is that not doubly a lie?† (Lamb, 2004) Thus, truth is an embellishment of justification with almost poetic or artistic application that can be turned and twisted to meet the end purpose. It is true that the rhetorical approach of Friedrich Nietzsche hardly leaves any stone unturned in favor of his argument and it is only after a mass killing of the 20th century did we aver realized the flaw of his theory. The anthropomorphism incorporated in his philosophy diverted a mass section of the human population towards a belief of truth that is difficult to practice and fatal when implemented in practical world. However, it can be ascertained to remark that there is no problem for the society to implement the nature of truth in art forms as it depicts a personal view of the truth. In this context it would be relevant to mention that Marx believed that there is little truth in art as it is only a medium that presents an mirror image of the reality whereas there are enough evident that explains art in a different mode. (Lamb, 2004) Marcuse believes that â€Å"the truth of art lies in the power to break the monopoly of established reality†. (Marcuse, 1995) However according to Wilde â€Å"art never expresses anything but itself.† (Lamb, 2004) Under such parameters, the application of truth in art hardly holds any ground. It is a curious notion to mention that Plato wanted all poets and artists to be sent out of the country because they presented as fractured form of truth. The same is true for the practical and present world. It should be remembered that on a practical ground while somewhere on a greater moral plane we are taught that lying is â€Å"wrong,† the fact is that Western Civilization as James Beniger asserts could be reduced to chaos without lies. The present generation believes that there are certain importance of truth but that truth is juxtaposed with the parameters of lies for the term ‘success’ in this world of market driven economy. From the perspective of a present generation, individual truth is as important as lying, no matter how metaphorical or paradoxical it might sound, thus its needs an explanation. Humans develop their ability to lie at a very early age. The average two-year-old is a liar, perhaps not a proficient and accomplished liar yet, but a liar nonetheless.   By the time, a child is a toddler, the innocence of youth is a myth, and the child has learned that lying is a necessary skill for survival in the world. The children who perfect the art of lying just might grow up to become successful politicians. Caught in a forbidden act, a two-year-old will quickly try to don a look of absolute innocence all while denying the alleged wrongdoing. Lying in children this young makes one wonder if lying is part of the human genetic code. The fact is, children probably are taught to lie by their first teachers- their parents. Brian Martin claims that parents carefully teach children how to lie and just as often lie to them (Martin, 2004). In teaching their children to lie, parents are preparing them to deal with the world. Once children set off for school, they must know how to lie effectively to teachers and classmates. Children who do not become good liars will not develop good interpersonal skills, and they will probably not become highly effective people. Every child needs to know how to explain the missing homework assignment and how to get along with playmates. Well-told lies are the most expedient means to these ends. In the adult world, the most successful people are those who are proficient liars. Businesses would cease to function if proprietors always told the truth. Without lies, there would be no politicians and no governments; the world would descend into anarchy. A good politician knows that people do not really want to hear the truth, especially if the truth is unpleasant; therefore, the best politicians always have ready lies that are always delivered with a caring and earnest expression. These are good lies because they reassure the people that all is well, and that is after all, what people want to hear. Lies are the foundation of democracy, and lies set people free. Be it a genetic trait or one acquired through social interactions, lying is a part of the fabric of civilization and socialization. In addition, this stands for each and every society down the ages of human history not just Western Civilization. Great societies are founded on lies, and the most successful people are the most adept liars. Relationships, businesses, and governments depend on lies. In wider sense, it could well be formulated that lying is a positive sign and approach of intelligence at the same time. (Lamb, 2004) It should be mentioned that as an individual on behalf of the present generation and that on a moral ground the importance of truth remains important. It could be ascertained that this truth should be composed and restored as an element of individual justification. This means that one should be justified in terms of truth to oneself. The human dignity is to be taken into consideration in relation to truth. One must always be true, clarified and justified to the personal self. This is the importance of truth and the value of truth and the rest depends on the survival strategies in the modern world. Thus, truth remains in its position while to survive one need the help of the other side of truth and that is lie. However, from the parameters of art it can be stated â€Å"art is an inherent element in the effort on the part of man to come to genuine self-understanding art works reveal to us what and how beings are. Each artwork opens its own world A world opens itself, the earth shelters and closes; both are present in the artwork. Furthermore, the work does not refer to something else as a sign or a symbol does, but it presents itself in its own Being and invites the beholder to dwell and while with it.† (Kockelmans, 1985) As Heidegger explains further: We note, â€Å"In order for truth to come-to-pass in a work of art, conservation is as essential as invention. Since the fact that truth is at work implies the conserver who is â€Å"startled and whiles in the openness that pervades the art work.† (Kockelmans, 1985) Thus, in defense of art as solitary medium it can be stated that nature is created by itself, while art is the creation of nature. Art knows no death and it is imperishable. As said by Longfellow that art is long and time is fleeting. The spices of nature are born only to die after a certain space of existence. Art continues indefinitely. Austin Dobson assessment of art is expressed in his saying that all passes. Art alone enduring stays to us. The bust outlasts the throne, the coin, Tiberius. Art is never demonstrative; it never catches attention with an exhibitionistic appeal. Obviously, a casual observer scarcely finds anything impressive, a thing of beauty, in it. On the other hand, the eye of a connoisseur never misses it. With his penetrating look and absorbing concern, he explores the innate charm of an object of art. According to the celebrated Latin poet Ovid, art lies in concealing art. If art is the magic of holding back time then artists are the magicians who captivate time in colors and canvases. As time passes by several take birth and perish, but some people with their achievements and contributions leave their footprints on the sands of time. These people remain immortal forever in the pages of history. It has been found that â€Å"the imagination is a necessary part of the creative process, and that somewhere between the imagination and the reality principle; the mind can play on an infinite measure of continuum between these binary opposites. Both imagination and rationality are necessary in order that separation from the here and now may occur without a complete severing with the past.† (Windt, 2004) However, in the juxtaposition of truth and art it can be stated that Art could even be considered something as simple as an action someone has done for a cause or for somebody. If someone holds the door for somebody else, it could be his or her art to be generous and courteous. Even acts of crime can be considered forms of art. In many thieving circles, the method of breaking and entering or robbing places is merely called the Art of Theft. Therefore, one can never really limit art to one thing. Rather, it is a wide arrangement of things. In addition, one can never truly crack down and say that something is only artistic if it is of some particular kind of medium, because somebody else will disagree. Art is anything that anyone does which has a profound effect on somebody or something else. From a simple act of kindness to a masterpiece painting which took years out of somebody’s life? Some art can be considered more complex, and some art can be considered simpler in contrast. However, the fact of the matter is, in the eye of the beholder, art could be anything. So is it possible for us to define what art is or can we really set any realistic guidelines as to what is art and what is not? It is always possible to create guidelines, but it is often considered an art form in itself to break said guidelines. What we can do, however, is center ourselves on the aesthetics of art. However, defining what is aesthetic and what is not can be quite an undertaking. Simply put, something that is aesthetically pleasing is something that appeals to the senses. For instance, flowers give a nice aesthetic sense of smell by offering their pleasant odors. A nicely painted picture can give off a nice aesthetic sight for somebody to enjoy. Often it is difficult to create something aesthetically pleasing, as there are many ways to offend peoples senses. For instance, if you wanted to create a painting to give off an aesthetic feeling of hope, you probably would not use an over abundance of dark colors. Dark colors are often used to show calmness or even more commonly, something sad and depressing. In addition, when painting, if you use wider and more circular strokes with a lighter press on your brush, you will give off more depressing tones and colors. Therefore, it would be more advisable to use lighter colors and more agile handling of the brush. Lighter colors often give off a feeling of warmth and happiness, which is something that you would like to be doing if you would like to create something hopeful. However, to create something that gives off a strong aesthetic presence, you usually must feel some sort of emotional attachment to whatever it is you are working on three. One must have a feeling for whatever it is you are working on. Only then will you truly pour out everything from your heart and mind. When you can accomplish this, you can create something with true aesthetic value. If you can describe your emotions in your artwork, it becomes easier for others to understand what you were trying to do, and more often, give them a stronger emotional sense. In a way, this creates a bond between the artist and the observer, allowing true aesthetic value to be created within a work of art. However, this still does not fully aid us in our quest to find out whether we can define what art is. There are some things, which do not stimulate our emotions as much but may still hold a different aesthetic value. Some of the most common examples of these are mathematical charts and scientific writings. Although they do not hold any intrinsic aesthetic values, they still provide a sense of artwork within the mind. Mathematics helps us to develop our logical minds and to expand our ability to memorize details and think things through. However, as odd as it may sound, even mathematics can help to produce powerful works of art. One of the most profound methods of art within mathematics must be the Golden Ratio. The Golden Ratio is a number, which is defined simply as width being 1.618 times the height of something 4 or approximately one and a half times the height of something. Although unexplained, you can prove it to yourself by viewing pictures of the Greek structure known as the Parthenon that the Golden Ratio is one of the most beautiful artistic forms in existence. The difference in width by length gives a soothing aura and relaxes the entire body when viewed. One of the other valuable aesthetic forms, which have come from math, is the circle. Although we may never truly define what Pi is, it is known that it is the calculation for a perfect circle. Pi is simple defined as an outer diameter 3.14 times the length of the radius of a circle. Circular shapes have always been known to be very pleasing to the eye, and this could help to explain why Roman structures may not be as pleasing as other circular structures. The Romans, for a time, were on top of the world and had to prove it by being correct in everything. This even meant their own calculation of Pi, which, in Roman times, was known to be 3.45. Interestingly enough, when you view Roman buildings with a bird’s eye view, you can notice that they are slightly ovular. This gives an awkward feel to them and helps to explain why Greek architecture has always been slightly more respected than Roman architecture. Even science has a place in the world of common art. For, without science, we would not have many of the methods of designing art as we do now. Paint, for instance, if not developed without science would not be in existence now. Chemistry and metallurgy have been two of the most significant expansions to the world of contemporary art however. Chemistry has helped to develop various substances, which react to different surfaces, and modern chemistry has helped to evolve this even further. Now we have fluorescent paints, synthetic canvases and neon gases to help create bright signs in the sky. Metallurgy has helped in sculpture design and in the design of many modern tools used in art. Many artists are now using welding as a medium for their artistic expression. The fields of science and art seem to go hand in hand when you think of them in this way. Computers in particular have had a profound effect on the development of aesthetic value in art today. Many artists conglomerate around the Internet to share their works of art and receive critiques from various sources to develop their talent further. In fact, there have been many programs developed which help people to develop art on the computer itself. Flash animation is a popular method of electronic art design, which is a conglomeration of various artistic images placed together in a mobile video sequence. Photo editing has been enhanced by several modern software programs, and you can even create unique three-dimensional images with some modern programs. Graphic design has been greatly enhanced by the advent of the modern computer. So many programs and computer platforms have been specifically tailored for Graphic Design that in recent years the industry has had an explosion in growth. Companies everywhere are constantly seeking artists to design their logos, papers, pamphlets and promotional media. However, with so many developments in the field of art, have we become closer to being able to define art in one true sense? Alternatively, rather, have we learned to adapt and respect all forms of art and their inherent values? What might be considered a masterpiece in the past by everyone may only be considered a masterpiece to a small number of people in this modern day. Rather than classifying art in one major group, we should respect all art for its value and its effect on society as a whole. It is debatable that we will ever be able to identify art in the analytical sense, but we will learn new ways to improve our talents and we will constantly gain more resources to spread our art across all reaches of the universe. It does not really matter whether or not we can define art, because art is just an expression. It is a method for human beings to get out their emotions and share them with the rest of the world. It helps to describe what cannot be spoken. A picture is worth a thousand words, but even those thousand words can yet again produce a thousand additional pictures. In addition, in this method of thought, art has an infinite number of possibilities and an infinite number of ways to influence the lives of others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are no strict guidelines for defining art nor will there ever be. Everything is in the eye of the beholder, but it does not matter. As long as society keeps using art forms and aesthetic values to gain a newfound sense of identity, I think the world will live without being able to define what art is. So do not pursue the field and believe you must define others work, but rather, attempt to find its emotional value and apply it to your own life. Thus, in conclusion, it can be stated that the statement of Martin Heidegger enumerating art is comparatively true and partly wrong. This is because truth cannot be imposed on art in the context of realism but the undefined part of art makes it wrong. This is because if art is not completely defined and if truth is uncertain at many parts, as seen earlier, the relation between the two becomes tentative and vague. Thus, whether art and truth are inseparable or they are in contradiction to each other remains a debatable issue for further arguments in the future. Bibliography: Kockelmans, Joseph J; 1985; Heidegger on Art and Art Works; Springer Lamb, Davis; (2004); Cult to Culture: The Development of Civilization on the Strategic Strata; National Book Trust. 2004 Marcuse, Herbert; 1994; The Aesthetic Dimension; Art and its Significance; Suny Press; Martin, Brian. (2003-2004). â€Å"Telling Lies for a Better World?† Social Anarchism 35: 27-39.   Retrieved on 7 April, 2008 from http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/03sa.html Windt, Gerda van de; (2004); Artistic Imagination: Transforming Sorrow into Beauty Truth and Art; Arts Education – Faculty of Education. Simon Fraser University

Apple Inc Culture Has Both Advantages And Disadvantages Business Essay

Apple Inc Culture Has Both Advantages And Disadvantages Business Essay Introduction Apple Inc, a multinational company delivers high standard computer products, communication products, and entertainment product such as Mac Computers, Iphones, Ipads and Ipods. The American company was developed and formed in Cupertino, California in the year 1976. The company was incorporated in 1977 as Apple Computer, Inc. The company started as computer manufacturer, and over the years the company grew rapidly was soon more than a computer manufacturer. The high standard operating system Mac OS made them unique among the competitors from the same industry. At the moment Apple, Inc is one among the top rated in the fortune companies and is well established as a PC, Mobile phone, and software developers and distributors worldwide. The company was formed in the year of 1976 the incorporation took place in the year of 1977; also the first computer was introduced in the year of 1977. The founders of Apple Inc (founded as Apple Computer Inc) are Steven Paul Jobs, Stephen Gary Wozniak, and Ronald Gerald Wayne. But Wayne has left Apple before the incorporation, the real twist in its growth and development was with the entry of Mike Markkula who was the former marketing manager at Intel Corporation. Markkula offered a financial support for Apple Computer Inc. He had invested $ 250, 000 and some expertise for expanding Apples business. At first, they manufactured a computer without key boards and monitors, the computers even sold without a case. The first computer is named as Apple I. Following Apple I the company had launched Apple II which covers all the drawbacks of Apple I. Apple II had added advantages over its predecessor, including a colour display and a cassette storage drive. The introduction of Apple II was a great success and it enhanced $ 1 million annual sales. By the year 1979 Apple launched Apple II+ computers which came out with better memory and features that Apple II. During the 1980s Apple introduced their Apple III computers. The launch was a big failure. The analysts stated that the PC had launched without sufficient tests, as a result many of the units turned out to be defective. Following that Apple continued to remain innovative in product development. One of their greatest innovations was their Ipods which is able to store and play music files with the help of their own Itune software. The unique design and ultra portability made the product favorite for all kinds of customers. Following that they have introduced their first mobile phone, which was there entry in to the booming mobile phones industry. The mobile phone is top rated for their unique features, and enormous designs. It was great success in the smart phones category. With all their high standard products and innovations the company had remained top rated even in the recession. According to the second quarter report Apple Inc, the 2010 second quarter revenues raised up to $ 13.5 billion, the second quarter revenue of 2009 reported as $ 9.08 billion. Also the profit margin raised from $ 39.9 % to $ 41. 7 %, Mac PCs shows 33 % unit growth and Ipones shows 131 % unit growth compared to the previous quarter. Whereas, Ipods shows 1 % decline in unit growth, the major portion of the revenue is contributed by Iphones. Organisational behaviour According to Mullins, (2005), Organizational behavior as the study and understanding of individual and group behavior, and patterns of structure in order to help improve organizational performance and effectiveness, (Mullins, 2005, p.26) Organizational culture is complex and multi-faceted. Culture is intangible and varies from organization to organization. Many authors came up with relevant theories regarding these subjects. It can be defined in simple terms as the way things are done in an organization. Mullins, 2005 stated that according to Handy there are 4 main ways that organizational culture can be classified, they are as follows: Power Culture Role Culture Task Culture Person Culture Power Culture Organization in this category tend to have minimal rules and regulations, also it is largely dependant on a central character. The decisions are made by this central character or a central group. The focus group of Apple Inc have proved to be best at what they are doing so far. Though this type of culture is adopted by small enterprises, Apple Inc have adopted this due to the fact that they emphasise on delivering quality over anything else. Role Culture The organization in this category, tend to have a bureaucratic way of organizational culture. It very much sticks to the rules and regulations of the company. In this culture, organizations tend to work as the strong pillars, where individual values have less importance, whereas the positions play important roles. In Apple Inc, there involved a level of secracy as individual opinions were not acepted at all points and there were flaws in communication as well. While looked upon from a human resource view, this proved to have affected the product development at various stages. Where as, when looked upon from a product development prospective, this proved to be a more challenging and more demanding quality of significant importance. In most cases the pillars are controlled by the role, also roles and job descriptions are more important than individual performance. Task Culture In this culture, organizations are more concerned about the objective and tasks. It does not pay much importance to HR rules and regulations as this culture is more tasks oriented. Expertise and individual performance are more valued than the positions and roles. The communication tends to be both ways and the employees are free to express their ideas and suggestions at Apple Inc. Also decision making is not relied on information from a single source and the employees take part in expressing their opinion or the managers gathered ideas from the co-workers. But reports at Apple Inc show that this culture can be difficult to achieve economies of scales. In todays fast moving digital world, many companies including Apple Inc adopted this style of operation. In olden days this has been seen in the aeronautic engineering, but now-a-days some of the multinational IT companies are adopting this style, because they are keen about their organisational goals and tasks. Person Culture Individuals are the key factors for this concepts, this culture is normally seen in animal protection organizations. According to Mullins, (2005) Geert Hofstede also identified four dimensions to organizational culture and work place differences. They are as follows: Power Distance Uncertainty Avoidance Individualism Masculinity Power Distance In this culture there is high level of disparity. According to Hofstede this culture is totally dependent on the management; in this concept subordinates should obey the superiors. Communication tends to flow from top to down. It is seen in military operations, at the moment organisations are trying to reduce power distance and putting their maximum efforts to bring equality in organizations. Apple had this within the management and this was a factor that affected the overall performance to a certain extend. Uncertainty Avoidance As Hofstede linked the national culture and organizational culture, uncertainty avoidance refers to the unexpected situations or unusual situations that a society or the employees of an organization feels that they are going to face. Apple Inc had this problem as there was a level of secrecy maintained among the employees. They themselves were not aware of what was happening around them. Individualism Individualism refers to the individuals being capable of looking after themselves. At Apple Inc, the context of organizational behavior is applicable to some parts of the organization that the employees are self driven. They are highly committed to what they do pertaining to work and were not able to take care of themselves. Masculinity It refers to the gender difference in organizational behavior, in some society the womens value is not differed from mens but in some society it differs women has less value that the men. Automatically it affect the organizational behavior, if an organization provide the same positions for men and women, it may bring internal conflict in that particular organization. Leadership Leadership is not about the leader, it is about how he builds the confidence of everyone else. Leaders are responsible for both the big structures that sever as the cornerstone of confidence, and the human touches that shape a positive emotional climate to inspire and motivate people. Leaders delivering confidence by espousing high standards in their messages, exemplifying these standards in the conduct they model and establishing formal mechanism to provide a structure for acting on those standards. (Mullins J. L, 2007, p.362) A diagrammatic representation of leadership Subordinates-centered Leadership Boss-Centered Leadership Use Authority by Manager Area of freedom for subordinates Manager makes decisions and announce it Managers permits subordinates to function within defined limits Managers presents problems, gets suggestions and make decisions Manager presents ideas and invites questions Managers presents tentative decisions to change subject Manager sells decision Managers define limits, and asks group to make decision (Mullins J. L, 2007, p.362) What is good at Apple, Inc? Innovative and task driven culture Apple Inc is totally focused on innovation, in another word they always tries make superior and unique products to gain competitive advantages. For this purpose they are very keen to choose the best work force available. Hard work and commitment is the main quality that the company seek from it employees. There is a common saying that there is always more work to do than the employees. A relaxed and informal atmosphere is created in the working campus, many researches proved that the employees at Apple Inc is relaxed and at the same time highly committed to tasks given by the company. The company is always taking keen interest to entertain their employees after the working hours. As discussed, the company is recognized as innovator therefore it always prefers workaholic people. In one way the company is adopting Handys task oriented organizational culture, in this culture Handy described that organizations are less formal and highly task oriented. It is agreed that Apple Inc is adopting an innovative and task driven culture, but at the same time they have very strong work ethics and very strict deadlines. The best example for this there working hour, an employee is working 60 to 70 hours per week. The employees believe that apple is not just for making money. The innovations helped the company gain market reputation, at the same time it helps the employee to learn more things every day. That is one of the main things that employees are seeking for, especially in software and computer related fields. The technology is changing day by day, and Apple Inc is always trying to innovate something which can surprise the world. It helps the employees even after they left the organization, the world knows that the employees coming out from Apple will be highly committed, task driven and hard working, also they can contribute expertise in to other business in which they are selected for. Individualism According to Hofstede, in this culture employees are capable or expected look after themselves. Apple Inc is allowing their employees to work themselves. The employees must run their own shows. Because of that the company is always seeking for the best talents, also the guidance are given occasionally, as a result the employees are becoming self confident and self motivated, and they clearly focused and showing high commitment to the tasks. Also they always ready to take more responsibilities. There is common belief in the employees mind that Apple Inc is always seeing for accomplishment rather than the relationship building. Individual has the opportunities to prove their ability and get the reward. The opportunity to grow is wide open in Apple Inc. As it is highly focused on the innovation and their keen interest to launch something new and inspiring allow the employees make the days creating and challenging. It is widely accepted by the employees at Apple Inc is that every day tha t they can learn and they can experience something new. Therefore the individual opportunities to grow and learn is more compared to any other multinational firms, also the employees are capable to their own tasks without any guidance. Diversity and Cross functionality Apple Inc is a multinational which is always looking for the best talents and committed work force, therefore from all the parts of world talented people are appointed. Employees are most often used to work with multinational workforce. It is also allowing the employees to learn different culture and working styles. According many studies conducted, it has been realized that employees are often find cross functional activities to perform the accomplishment of the companys objectives or organizational goals. Apple Inc. took all the necessary steps to promote diversity among its work force and also there always make sure a non homogeneous workforce. Furthermore they have set up partnerships with various of organizations. Apple Inc has a partnership with National Black MBAs, National society of Hispanics MBAs and the society of Women Engineers. These Kind of organization promote diversity and allow the employees mix with diverse work force. Apple Inc believes that the diversity in work force is one of the important tasks to execute a successful corporate culture Managers are asked to do different tasks other than their working area. Many of the multinational firms are adopted cross functional activities in order make their employees multitask oriented and to broaden up their abilities. Many mangers in Apple Inc, stated that they have often asked to cross functional activities which are out of their working area. For instance according to case study, an input manager commented that he is involved in many of the cross functional activities, one day he may asked to involve in industrial design, another day he may asked to involve in the product design and software engineering. These kind of cross functionality will make the employees to work and enhance knowledge in different fields, also they may not be stick in position they will always be creative and active. At the same time the organization will allocate a smooth operation in regards human resource management, it may not stuck if one or more employees are off or on holidays, someone can ea sily cover up the situations. Bonus and Benefits The benefits in Apple Inc are differs from locations to locations and it is also depends on the employment status. The company has taken number of steps to make the employees feel good about the benefits offered by the company. The companies benefit programs starts with the insurance coverage schemes, also they initiated Flexible spending accounts, employees stock purchase program, 401 saving and investment plan, product discounts for the staffs, on site fitness programs also they offered the opportunities to work in big projects where extra bonu is offered. As discussed the bonus and benefits somewhat depends on the performance, in the year 1995 Apple Inc has designed and implemented a program called Apple Fellow Program. The main aim of the program is to identify the best performer and from which employee the company has received extra ordinary contribution. The Fellow program winners used to be the leader and they can guide other for companys progress activities. In return the company offered the Flexi benefit program to its staffs. Also the studies and researches shows that Apple Inc had given free Iphones to its staffs after the unique mobile phone has launched in the industry. Opportunities and Job Securities Career opportunities are very wide in Apple Inc, as it recognized as an innovator the employee are having wide range of opportunities to prove their caliber and can build their career on a performance wise. Also Apple Inc conducting many internship programs which allow the employees to gain the thorough knowledge in different fields. The employees working with Apple Inc is coming out with a great confidence. According to Maslows pyramid after basic need of human it very essential that employees feel job security. In case of Apple Inc it is not only a job security, in Apple Incs words the company is not providing employment security but it is providing employability security. The people coming out from Apple Inc is highly demanded, employers are happy offer opportunities for this candidates. Employers worldwide are well aware that these candidates have a wide range experience and they can cope up with any organizational culture. They expect a strong contribution from these candidates. Unique Corporate Culture The organizational culture at Apple is highly focused on the jobs and innovation, may CEQs came and made some changes in the culture, but over the time the ultimate corporate culture is totally focused on innovation and the jobs done. They are enjoying an informal culture at the same time they have employed very strong deadlines and making the employees to have clear focus on the objectives. The founder Jobs did contributed the best of to make this Unique culture possible for this company. Many of other multinational firms are adopting this kind of organizational culture. The difference between these companies and Apple Inc is that the other companies will be more flexible and they might lose the focus and they wont be strict on the deadline like Apple Inc. On the other hand Apple Inc is maintaining the informal culture and task oriented culture but at the same time they are very much focused on the objectives and tasks and they have very strong deadline with no compromise. The corporate culture of Apple Inc, is making the employees or it is encouraging the employees to make something Insanely Great and the CEO Jobs said to be the founder of this culture. As discussed earlier many CEOs came and altered the organizational corporate culture, but at the end of the day Jobs came and restructured the culture, after he has come back he realized that the company is lacking their original culture which was at time he was the CEO. Experts opinioned and stated the result of this change is Imac. What is bad at Apples, Inc Lack of transparency of information Apple Inc is recognized as an innovator and the products they are offering to the market is unique and high standard. There is secret behavior has maintained from the beginning of the business. In a way it is acceptable that company is mainly focused on Innovations therefore a secrecy in information is necessary, but may reports shows that the secrecy somehow making trouble for smooth operation of the company. Their tight control over the information caused many troubles; even it had led an employee to commit suicide in China. Though they have not affected by the recession, considering future growth of the company transparency of information is necessary. Transparency of information helps the investors as well as the stake holders. Many of the multinational companies showing keen interest in making the information available to the public, but at Apple Inc secrecy is there part of the corporate culture. Reports show that the many of the product launches are surprising the staffs, because it is kept secret, only the product developer and the senior management are aware of the product. But thinking globally many great ideas and suggestions can come out from the internal staffs, especially from the marketing team, because they are the have the clear picture of market needs and wants. Even the managers used to make wrong information product even during the meetings. Dysfunctional culture There are assumptions many times that Apple Incs corporate culture moved to dysfunctional. There are cases reported that many talented people they left the company because they could not adjust and adopt the unique culture of the company. According to the case study vice president is enjoying a greater power in the company. Analysts pointed out that the company has less feeling towards relationship with the employees but they strictly focused on the jobs. An incident reported that vice president hired people and assigned a pay scale twice than the senior employees working the firm. Unfair Promotions and compensations There are many cases that reports unfairness in promotion and analysts say that the employees are treated unfairly. This is mainly because of their unique corporate culture, as discussed earlier personal values have less important in Apple Inc they prefer jobs and innovations but at the same time they are creating a relaxed atmosphere for their employees. Also report says that only top executives are compensated and appreciated for jobs done. The employees claiming that even if they come out with new product, they dont get enough appreciation. Also the promotions are given depends on the interest of the managers. There are comments from employees that they are not given enough opportunities grow their career. Long Working Hours Apple Inc is always preferred hard working people in another word they prefer workaholic people who does not care about the working hours. An average working hours per week in Apple Inc is 60 to 70, which is more than the normal companies working hours. As we can see this will affect employees family life. The job is also bit stressed and the employees must be creative and enthusiastic all the time. For instance if an employee is working in the product development department for 60 to 70 hours per week continuously they might get over stressed, the particular department needs full concentration all the time he or she is working. There case that former employee sued Apple Inc for violating the labor law California, he complained that he used to work 7 days every six weeks. The company is also aware of that, there are cases after working these kinds of long hours the employees were in therapy. Highly Depending on Leadership Apple Inc is highly depending on the leadership, The CEO Jobs has very much influence on the corporate structure of Apple Inc. Analysts sees that without Job Apple will nothing other than a normal software company. Also analysts stated that the company will be struggling without Jobs. Looking into the theoretical side one can see that Job the CEO of playing both democratic and autocratic styles of leadership. In a way he is making an informal atmosphere and creative opportunities for his employees at the same time the company is very strict on the tasks and deadlines like a military camp. The information are very secret and the will not tolerate any leakage of the company information. The always kept a secret behavior. Conclusion Many of the issues have been discussed, it has been realized that Apple Inc as multinational company has a unique at the same very challenging corporate culture. Many supporters have wrote and many companies are trying to adopt this culture, also many studies shows some of the major draw backs of Apple Incs corporate culture. The study realized that the culture has both advantages and disadvantages, the capacity of innovating unique and high standard products the company attract more talented people in to their business, the younger generation will love to work with as they can learn something every day also they can expose themselves. On the other hand there are some major draw backs, they have no transparency of information also they have long working hours compared to another companies. With some changes the corporate culture of Apple Inc can be the best in the world. Recommendations There are major issues that the company can change, they are as follows: The information can be more transparent, the investor and stake holder are always seeking transparent information. Also it can help to improve product quality and can get tremendous ideas and suggestions from the co workers. Transparency of information will help the company to know better the needs and wants of the market. The long working hours can be changed, maximum of 40 hours working hours will help the employee to relax, a relaxed mind can produce greater idea than a stressed and week mind. Having multiple senior executives will allow the company to continue their activities, eve if one senior executive left the organisation. All the employee should be treated same, equality is another great fact for the success of an organization, more talented people will be attracted to organisation. Job appreciation will encourage the employees to work more committed and task oriented.