Tuesday, April 16, 2019

Nazism vs. Fascism Essay Example for Free

Nazism vs. Fascism EssayR.Q. To what extent were the German and Italian regimes under Hitler and Mussolini Totalitarian?i. Why?With this query I want to discover whether Hitler and Mussolini transformed Ger many a nonher(prenominal) and Italy, singlely into Totalitarian regimes. In my discretion this played a major eccentric when looking at traditions, respectability of countries and reputations of countries. Such emotions notify also trigger wars, as we so in WWII. Initi onlyy, I feel that Dictatorships having absolute power over a country can bm many inconveniences for the citizens of it. Hence, I want to understand their motives and ambitions. Also, I figure that this is a in truth eventful time period in which milestones and new dimensions put up been opened. Thirdly, I decided on this topic because I am a German citizen, who is naturally interested in the background and history of ones father country.ii. What?I am going to use a series of books written in different t ime periods by different writers from different countries. This shows a certain scope of viewpoints, which makes the answer to this question much objective. I am also going to use the Internet as one research option of my internal assessment.iii. I planned my essay. This can be seen in the appendix, 1) Essay Plan. This plan shows how I am going to tackle to accomplish my Taski. Define Nazisma. Nazism is the body of political and economic doctrines held and put into tack by the National Socialist German Workers Party in the Third Reich including the totalitarian principle of government, verbalize run across of all industries, predominance of groups assumed to be racially superior, and supremacy of the Fhrer1.ii. Define Fascisma. Fascism is a political philosophy, movement, or regime (as that of the Fascisti) that exalts nation and often race preceding(prenominal) the single and that stands for a centralise exacting government headed by a dictatorial leader, severe economic a nd social regimentation, and forcible downsizing of opposition2.iii. Define Totalitariana. Totalitarian is defined as of or relating to centralized control by an autocratic leader or hierarchy. Of or relating to a political regime based on subordination of the individual to the resign and strict control of all aspects of the life and productive capacity of the nation especially by coercive measures (as censorship and terrorism)3iv. All these definitions above are essential in order to understand how totalism is initially linked with Nazism and Fascism. These terms, Nazism Fascism and Totalitarianism have all got the subordination of the individual to the state and the control of mind etc. of the individual in common. The difference between them, however is that Totalitarian is stringently a term describing a situation, a current state of something. Nazism and Fascism on the other hand, advert an ideology that developed over centuries and eventually ruled a country.When we are l ooking at these definitions, we discover, that some(prenominal) ideologies have a feature of totalitarianism innate. Therefore, initially we would say that they the states, Germany and Italy, both are totalitarian because the autarky by which they are ruled is totalitarian. This must mean that the people believe in it because they elected this placement of government, and hence the system must be totalitarian. This, however, is debat adequate to(p). In the ongoing lines I will question the above statement by looking closer at the two ideologies and how they became elected.i. Discrimination of Minoritiesa. Germanyi. Minorities, such as Jews, Blacks, Gypsies and women were discriminated widely. Anything not of Aryan derivation, was inferior. Women, for example, were expected to behave just like K,K,K-meaning Kinder, Kirche, Kche. Translated, Children, Church, Kitchen. In other words, they were expected to have as many children as possible to expand the Aryan race, support the relig ion and cook well. Jews, of course, were handle the worst, i.e. concentration camps.b. Italyi. Fascist Policy towards women was condescending. Women were not put equal to men. It was also anti-urban and anti-consumerist. There was birth control and additional taxes on unmarried. This, in a way, was similar to Nazi Germany, where there were incentives to bear as many children as possible. It aimed to rear the superior race. Fascist policy was at the beginning not racially concerned. However, when dealing with Germany improved, Mussolini adopted some anti-foreign steps. This aimed to give the people a feeling of superiority over other nations and should promote the will to b come in for the cause of the nation. Employment conditions for female workers were restricted. They were excluded from several workplaces.ii. Churcha. Germanyi. Germany was almost entirely a Christian country. Hitler realised this and did not underestimate the power the church, as a single institution, could h ave on the peoples minds. Therefore, he knew it would not be wise to attack the church during his campaigns. Hence, he make an agreement with the church, the Concordat, which allow the church religious freedom. This, however was only superficially. In reality, any member of the church speaking terrible about Hitler or his party, NSDAP, was prosecuted or sent to a concentration camp. Even Church schools were influenced by Hitler the watchword was replaced by Mein Kampf and the cross by the swastika.b. Italyi. In Italy the church played a more(prenominal) important role than in Germany because of the Pope and the Vatican being situated in Italy. Hence, Mussolini tried, after 1922 when coming to power, to include the church as much as possible in the fascist state in order to stabilise and reassure power for his party, PNF. Catholicism was also seen as a possible threat to the emerging fascist state. Hence, a concordat was attempted to improve church-state relations. Catholicism was considered the religion of most Italians, which was so deeply rooted in Italian life that could directly endanger the position of the fascist might.iii. Educationa. Germanyi. Education in Germany was for the most part controlled by the Nazis. The main subjects were history, biology and fleshly education. All of course indoctrinated and altered to shine a rock-steady light on the Nazi party and its style of rule. Special schools were build for the most talented. This meant that from a very young age onwards, children in Germany were focused on the Nazi ideology, similar to the Youths, which I will blather about in the next paragraph.b. Italyi. Education was focused on Fascist ideas and ideology. Children were educated in physical education and military training. These are just examples to illustrate what Mussolini treasured to achieve.iv. Youthsa. Germanyi. Various youths existed in Nazi Germany, all aiming to control the mind of German children. Hitler once described his vi ews concerning the purpose of youths When an opponent declares, I will not come your side, I calmly say Your child belongs to us alreadyIn a short time, they will bash nothing else but this community. These programs existed for boys and girls. Boys camps were more physical, preparing for war. Girls camps were aiming to make them strong to bear many healthy children.b. Italyi. From 1929 onwards, Mussolini focused more intensely on the control of children in his regime. He valued to control them by education, which he stated as a right of the leading body in a totalitarian state. The Ministry of Public instructions was changed to the Ministry of National education (ONB) in 1929. This new organisation provided pre-military training, drill and gym. All measures to canalise a more aggressive and disciplined way of live. This program was even integrated into the school curriculum. Recruitment was thus made very easy and numerous. The Fascists cute to create an Italy were there were young courageous men willing to fight for the cause of the nation. Their motto was Believe, Obey, Fight. This displays exactly what Mussolini was after. Especially during the great depression, Mussolini tried to give his people a cause to believe in. He created groups or fixed mass meeting so that the people would experience a way of unity.v. Propagandaa. Germanyi. Minister of Propaganda in Nazi Germany was Goebbels. He was an able man, with enormous aims. Not only wanted he the people to accept the regime. He wanted them to capitulate to them, grasping the ideology. He, for the first time in history, effectively made use of the radio and press. He seized control over both. By 1932 less thusly 25% of the population owned a radio. Hence, he made provisions for producing cheap sets of wireless radios. He called it the Volksempfnger, translated, nation-receptionist. The press seemed harder to control. The Nazi publisher-Eher Verlag-bought many of the 4,700 existing newspapers. Goebbel s held a daily press conference and eventually, the Editors Law, made the seizure of the press complete. Via the radio, the Aryan race was emphasized. Jewish music was not played. People were constantly bombed with Nazi propaganda, their ideology.b. Italyi. Mussolini wanted to create an image of the new Italian. This image should be aggressive and patriotic. He also used high-minded figurers from the wars to illustrate the alleged superiority of the Italian nation.vi. Police Statea. Germanyi. The party seemed to be well organise and structured. Hitler himself, however, rejected any document work. Now the question appears, how it was so sufficient? The answer is that a regnant force was acting behind the scenes. This force was the army. It consisted of the SS, short for Schutz-Staffel, the SA, short for Sturm-Abteilung, the Gestapo, known for its brutality and later the SD, Sicherheitsdienst, the party internal police force. All these acted in order to maintain or restore order. The SS was once created to be Hitlers personal bodyguard. It evolved to be a unit with incredible power over, economic, political and social matters. It turned out to be an extremely useful tool for Hitler.b. Italyi. The military was also guaranteed a supreme status in Italy. However, the German army had become a political power whereas the Italian had not. After the death of Hindenburg, Hitler was able to benefit from an exclusive oath. Mussolini never had such an opportunity under the still existing Monarchy. The Italian force acted with divided loyalties. The Italian army did not face any threats form party-army-type organizations, as opposed to the German SS and SA.vii. office staff of the Leadera. Germany/Italyi. Both, der Fhrer and il duce, were charismatic and ambitious men. They had a set aim which they wanted to achieve no matter what the cost was. They managed to elate masses so that they would virtually believe anything they said. These are, among others, characteristic s a strong Leader must have in order to be successful. Hitler was not only found chancellor but became President after Hindenburgs death. He also appointed himself Chief-Commander of all armed forces. This gave him the unmixed control over many bodies.i. Weigh factors against each othera. Germany vs. Italyii. Conclusiona. When looking back at my research and all the information I collected during it, I think it is fair to say that both ideologies and those implementing it, transformed the respective countries to a large extent into totalitarian regimes.Although, I would say that this phenomena did not go along in the conventional way. By definition, a totalitarian regime controls every aspect of life. When looking at the moment they came to power and the day they left, a great difference in many senses can be seen. Especially, when looking at how they controlled the peoples minds. Propaganda, Force, Speeches, youths and discrimination are all factors, which increased their influe nce. This integrated so quickly into the respective countries roots, so that it was inevitable that people would eventually believe what they heard.They would also obey by it because they the how brutal their measures could be. Power conveyed and achieved by force was one feature in these regimes. The other means was propaganda. New technology, new innovations enabled them to convey their messages and slogans whenever they wanted. They could also reach every member of their community. They not only controlled adults. One of their ideas was to transform the young so that their ideology would be carried further with the next generation.1 http//www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/ vocabulary?book=Dictionaryva=Nazism2 http//www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionaryva=fascism3 http//www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionaryva=totalitarian

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